ICCS 2009 framework revisited
نویسنده
چکیده
The main idea of this paper is to discuss the ICCS 2009 framework (Schulz et al. 2008) in order to explore possible changes for the ICCS 2016 framework. The most important problem to consider is how to deal with the fact that civic and citizenship education (hereafter CCE) is both a contested matter and a contestable matter. The paper proposes to establish a meta-consensus accepting ‘contestedness’ as an essential part of CCE. Contestedness defines CCE and therefore it is important to compare students and countries by comparing contestable aspects of citizenship rather than by measuring degrees of well-defined latent traits within a pre-established international consensus. The paper proposes so called political differential scales as a possible operationalization of the essential contestedness of CCE.
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